List of lemur species

Lemurs are strepsirrhine primates, all species of which are endemic to Madagascar. They include the smallest primate in the world, Madame Berthe's mouse lemur, which weighs 30 grams (1.1 oz), and range up to the size of the indri, which can weigh as much as 9.5 kilograms (21 lb). However, recently extinct species grew much larger. As of 2010, five families, 15 genera, and 101 species and subspecies of lemur are formally recognized.[1] Of the 101 species and subspecies, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has classified eight as Critically Endangered, 18 as Endangered, 15 as Vulnerable, four as Near Threatened, eight as Least Concern, 41 as Data Deficient, and seven have yet to be evaluated.[2] From 2000 through 2008, 39 new species were described and nine other taxa resurrected.[3]

The number of lemur species is likely to continue growing in the coming years, as field studies, cytogenetic and molecular genetic research continues.[3] There is not complete agreement over the latest revisions to lemur taxonomy, with some experts preferring an estimated 50 lemur species.[4] The debates are likely to continue, as some scholars label the explosive growth of species numbers as taxonomic inflation. In many cases, classifications will ultimately depend upon which species concept is used.[5] In the case of the lemurs of Madagascar, which have suffered extensively from deforestation and habitat fragmentation, nearly 25% of all species are either Endangered or Critically Endangered, most have yet to be extensively studied, and nearly all populations are in decline. For these reasons, taxonomists and conservationists favor splitting them into separate species to develop an effective strategy for the conservation of the full range of lemur diversity.[3] Implicitly, this means that full species status will help grant genetically distinct populations added environmental protection.

At least 17 species and eight genera are believed to have become extinct in the 2,000 years since humans first arrived in Madagascar.[6][7] All known extinct species were large, ranging in weight from 10 to 200 kg (22 to 440 lb). The largest known subfossil lemur was Archaeoindris fontoynonti, a giant sloth lemur, which weighed more than a modern female gorilla. The extinction of the largest lemurs is often attributed to predation by humans and possibly habitat destruction.[6] Since all extinct lemurs were not only large (and thus ideal prey species), but also slow-moving (and thus more vulnerable to human predation), their presumably slow-reproducing and low-density populations were least likely to survive the introduction of humans.[6] Gradual changes in climate have also been blamed, and may have played a minor role; however since the largest lemurs also survived the climatic changes from previous ice ages and only disappeared following the arrival of humans, it is unlikely that climatic change was largely responsible.[6]

There is strong evidence of extensive declines in extant populations since the introductions of humans, particularly among the larger and more specialized lemurs.[6] As long as habitats continue to shrink, degrade and fragment, extinctions are likely to continue.

Contents

Taxonomic classification

Further information: Taxonomic history of lemurs

Lemurs are classified under eight families, three of which are extinct:

The placement of lemurs within the order Strepsirrhini is currently under debate, although both sides agree upon the same phylogenetic tree. The following table demonstrates the differences between the two taxonomies.

3 infraorders, 2 superfamilies[8] 1 infraorder, 2 superfamilies[9][10]

Key

Scientific name Latin binomial name, or Latin name, of the species
Common name Common name of the species, per Wilson, et al. Mammal Species of the World (2005) or Mittermeier, et al. "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar" (2008)
Family Family within the Suborder Strepsirrhini to which the species belongs
Classified Date in which the species was formally described and classified, as well as the binomial authority on the species
Average size Average size of adult members of the species, in metric and English weight units
Estimated size Estimated Average size of adult members of the extinct species
Conservation status Conservation status of the species, per IUCN as of 2008
Extinction date Year of extinction or estimated date range for subfossil species, in BCE/CE

Extant species

Main article: Lemur

All lemurs belong to the suborder Strepsirrhini within the order Primates. The 101 extant species and subspecies are divided among 5 families and 15 genera. They range in weight from 30 g (1.1 oz) (Madame Berthe's mouse lemur) to as much as 9.5 kg (21 lb) (indri). Most are highly arboreal and activity patterns range widely from nocturnal to diurnal to cathemeral. Having diversified over millions of years to fill every ecological niche, diets also vary widely, though fruit, leaves, and insects make up the majority of the diet for most species.

Family: Cheirogaleidae

Family Cheirogaleidae consists of the mouse lemurs (smallest of all primates), the dwarf lemurs, and the fork-marked lemurs and their allies. There are 30 extant species.

Scientific name Common name Classified Average size Conservation status References
Allocebus trichotis Hairy-eared dwarf lemur 1875, Günther 65–90 g (2.3–3.2 oz)

Data Deficient

 [3][11][12][13]
Cheirogaleus crossleyi Furry-eared dwarf lemur 1870, A. Grandidier 250–500 g (8.8–18 oz)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][14][15][16][17]
Cheirogaleus major Greater dwarf lemur 1812, É. Geoffroy 350–400 g (12–14 oz)

Least Concern

 [3][18][19][20]
Cheirogaleus medius Fat-tailed dwarf lemur 1812, É. Geoffroy 120–270 g (4.2–9.5 oz)

Least Concern

 [3][21][22][23]
Cheirogaleus minusculus Lesser iron-gray dwarf lemur 2000, Groves unknown

Data Deficient

 [3][24][25][26]
Cheirogaleus sibreei Sibree's dwarf lemur 1896, Forsyth Major unknown

Data Deficient

 [3][27][28][29]
Microcebus berthae Madame Berthe's mouse lemur 2000, Rasoloarison et al. 30 g (1.1 oz)

Endangered

 [3][30][31][32]
Microcebus bongolavensis Bongolava mouse lemur 2007, Olivieri et al. 54 g (1.9 oz)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][33][34]
Microcebus danfossi Danfoss' mouse lemur 2007, Olivieri et al. 63 g (2.2 oz)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][35][36]
Microcebus griseorufus Reddish-gray mouse lemur 1910, Kollman 46–79 g (1.6–2.8 oz)

Least Concern

 [3][37][38][39]
Microcebus jollyae Jolly's mouse lemur 2006, Louis et al. 60 g (2.1 oz)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][40]
Microcebus lehilahytsara Goodman's mouse lemur 2005, Roos and Kappeler 45–48 g (1.6–1.7 oz)

Data Deficient

 [3][41][42]
Microcebus macarthurii MacArthur's mouse lemur 2008, Radespiel et al. unknown Not Evaluated [3]
Microcebus mamiratra Claire's mouse lemur 2006, Andriantompohavana et al. 61 g (2.2 oz)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][43][44]
Microcebus mittermeieri Mittermeier's mouse lemur 2006, Louis et al. 40 g (1.4 oz)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][45]
Microcebus murinus Gray mouse lemur 1777, Miller 60 g (2.1 oz)

Least Concern

 [3][46][47][48]
Microcebus myoxinus Pygmy mouse lemur 1852, Peters 43–55 g (1.5–1.9 oz)

Data Deficient

 [3][49][50][51]
Microcebus ravelobensis Golden-brown mouse lemur 1998, Zimmerman et al. 56–87 g (2.0–3.1 oz)

Endangered

 [3][52][53][54]
Microcebus rufus Brown mouse lemur 1834, É. Geoffroy 40–50 g (1.4–1.8 oz)

Least Concern

 [3][55][56][57]
Microcebus sambiranensis Sambirano mouse lemur 2000, Rasoloarison et al. 38–50 g (1.3–1.8 oz)

Endangered

 [3][58][59][60]
Microcebus simmonsi Simmons' mouse lemur 2006, Louis et al. 78 g (2.8 oz)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][61]
Microcebus tavaratra Northern rufous mouse lemur 2000, Rasoloarison et al. 45–77 g (1.6–2.7 oz)

Endangered

 [3][62][63][64]
Microcebus arnholdi Arnhold's mouse lemur 2008, E. Lewis, Jr. et al. 49.7 g (1.75 oz) Not Evaluated [65]
Microcebus margotmarshae Margot Marsh's mouse lemur 2006, Andriantompohavana et al. 41 g (1.4 oz) Not Evaluated [65]
Mirza coquereli Coquerel's giant mouse lemur 1867, A. Grandidier 300–320 g (11–11 oz)

Near Threatened

 [3][66][67][68]
Mirza zaza Northern giant mouse lemur 2005, Kappeler & Roos 287–299 g (10.1–10.5 oz)

Data Deficient

 [3][69][70]
Phaner electromontis Amber Mountain fork-marked lemur 1991, Groves and Tattersall 350–500 g (12–18 oz)[d]

Vulnerable

 [3][71][72][73][74]
Phaner furcifer Masoala fork-marked lemur 1839, Blainville 350–500 g (12–18 oz)[d]

Least Concern

 [3][71][75][76][77]
Phaner pallescens Pale fork-marked lemur 1991, Groves and Tattersall 330 g (12 oz)

Least Concern

 [3][78][79][80]
Phaner parienti Pariente's fork-marked lemur 1991, Groves and Tattersall 350–500 g (12–18 oz)[d]

Vulnerable

 [3][71][72][81][82]


Family: Lemuridae

Family Lemuridae consists of the ring-tailed lemur, the brown lemurs, the bamboo lemurs and the ruffed lemurs. There are 21 extant species and six subspecies.

Scientific name Common name Classified Average size Conservation status References
Eulemur albifrons White-fronted brown lemur 1796, É. Geoffroy 2.2–2.6 kg (4.9–5.7 lb)

Vulnerable

 [3][83][84][85]
Eulemur cinereiceps[b] Gray-headed lemur 1890, Grandidier and Milne-Edwards 2–2.5 kg (4.4–5.5 lb)

Endangered

 [3][86][87][88]
Eulemur collaris Collared brown lemur 1812, É. Geoffroy 2.25–2.5 kg (5.0–5.5 lb)

Vulnerable

 [3][89][90][91]
Eulemur coronatus Crowned lemur 1842, Gray 1.1–1.3 kg (2.4–2.9 lb)

Vulnerable

 [3][92][93][94]
Eulemur flavifrons Blue-eyed black lemur 1867, Gray 1.8–1.9 kg (4.0–4.2 lb)

Endangered

 [3][95][96]
Eulemur fulvus Common brown lemur 1812, É. Geoffroy 2–3 kg (4.4–6.6 lb)

Near Threatened

 [3][97][98][99]
Eulemur macaco Black lemur 1766, Linnaeus 2–2.9 kg (4.4–6.4 lb)

Vulnerable

 [3][100][101][102]
Eulemur mongoz Mongoose lemur 1766, Linnaeus 1.1–1.6 kg (2.4–3.5 lb)

Vulnerable

 [3][103][104][105]
Eulemur rubriventer Red-bellied lemur 1850, I. Geoffroy 1.6–2.4 kg (3.5–5.3 lb)

Vulnerable

 [3][106][107][108]
Eulemur rufifrons[a] Red-fronted lemur 1833, Bennett 2.2–2.3 kg (4.9–5.1 lb)

Near Threatened

 [3][109][110]
Eulemur rufus[a] Red lemur 1799, Audebert 2.2–2.3 kg (4.9–5.1 lb)

Data Deficient

 [3][111]
Eulemur sanfordi Sanford's brown lemur 1932, Archbold 1.8–1.9 kg (4.0–4.2 lb)

Endangered

 [3][112][113][114]
Hapalemur alaotrensis Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur 1975, Rumpler 1.1–1.4 kg (2.4–3.1 lb)

Critically Endangered

 [3][115][116][117]
Hapalemur aureus Golden bamboo lemur 1987, Meier et al. 1.3–1.7 kg (2.9–3.7 lb)

Endangered

 [3][118][119][120]
Hapalemur griseus gilberti Beanamalao bamboo lemur 2007, Rabarivola et al. 0.967 kg (2.13 lb)

Data Deficient

 [121][122]
Hapalemur griseus griseus Eastern lesser bamboo lemur 1795, Link 0.7–1 kg (1.5–2.2 lb)

Vulnerable

 [3][105][123][124]
Hapalemur griseus ranomafanensis Ranomafana bamboo lemur 2007, Rabarivola et al. 0.7–0.85 kg (1.5–1.9 lb) Not Evaluated [125]
Hapalemur meridionalis Southern lesser bamboo lemur 1987, Warter, et al. 0.75–1.05 kg (1.7–2.3 lb)[d]

Vulnerable

 [3][126][127][128][129]
Hapalemur occidentalis Western lesser bamboo lemur 1975, Rumpler 1 kg (2.2 lb)

Vulnerable

 [3][130][131][132]
Lemur catta Ring-tailed lemur 1756, Linnaeus 2.3–3.5 kg (5.1–7.7 lb)

Near Threatened

 [3][133][134][135]
Prolemur simus Greater bamboo lemur 1871, Gray 2.2–2.5 kg (4.9–5.5 lb)

Critically Endangered

 [3][136][137][138]
Varecia rubra Red ruffed lemur 1812, É. Geoffroy 3.3–3.6 kg (7.3–7.9 lb)

Endangered

 [3][139][140][141]
Varecia variegata editorum Southern black-and-white ruffed lemur 1953, Osman Hill 3.1–3.6 kg (6.8–7.9 lb)

Critically Endangered

 [3][142][143][144]
Varecia variegata subcincta White-belted black-and-white ruffed lemur 1833, A. Smith 3.1–3.6 kg (6.8–7.9 lb)

Critically Endangered

 [3][145][146][147]
Varecia variegata variegata Black-and-white ruffed lemur 1792, Kerr 3.1–3.6 kg (6.8–7.9 lb)

Critically Endangered

 [3][148][149][150]


Family: Lepilemuridae

Family Lepilemuridae consists solely of the sportive lemurs. As of 2010, there are 26 extant species.

Scientific name Common name Classified Average size Conservation status References
Lepilemur aeeclis Antafia sportive lemur 2006, Andriaholinirina et al. 0.765–0.97 kg (1.69–2.1 lb)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][151][152]
Lepilemur ahmansonorum Ahmanson's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. 0.61 kg (1.3 lb)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][153][154]
Lepilemur ankaranensis Ankarana sportive lemur 1975, Rumpler & Albignac 0.75 kg (1.7 lb)

Endangered

 [3][155][156][157]
Lepilemur betsileo Betsileo sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. 1.15 kg (2.5 lb)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][158][159]
Lepilemur dorsalis Gray-backed sportive lemur 1870, Gray 0.5 kg (1.1 lb)

Data Deficient

 [3][160][161][162]
Lepilemur edwardsi Milne-Edwards' sportive lemur 1894, Forsyth Major 1 kg (2.2 lb)

Vulnerable

 [3][163][164][165]
Lepilemur fleuretae Fleurete's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. 0.98 kg (2.2 lb)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][166][167]
Lepilemur grewcockorum Grewcock's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. 0.78 kg (1.7 lb)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][168][169]
Lepilemur hubbardorum Hubbard's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. 0.99 kg (2.2 lb)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][170][171]
Lepilemur jamesorum James' sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. 0.78 kg (1.7 lb)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][172][173]
Lepilemur leucopus White-footed sportive lemur 1894, Forsyth Major 0.6 kg (1.3 lb)

Data Deficient

 [3][174][175][176]
Lepilemur microdon Small-toothed sportive lemur 1894, Forsyth Major 0.8–1.0 kg (1.8–2.2 lb)

Data Deficient

 [3][177][178][179]
Lepilemur milanoii Daraina sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. 0.72 kg (1.6 lb)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][180][181]
Lepilemur mittermeieri Mittermeier's sportive lemur 2006, Rabarivola et al. unknown

Data Deficient

 [3][182]
Lepilemur mustelinus Weasel sportive lemur 1851, I. Geoffroy 1 kg (2.2 lb)

Data Deficient

 [3][183][184][185]
Lepilemur otto Otto's sportive lemur 2007, Craul et al. unknown

Data Deficient

 [3][186]
Lepilemur petteri Petter's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. 0.63 kg (1.4 lb)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][187][188]
Lepilemur randrianasoloi Randrianasolo's sportive lemur 2006, Andriaholinirina et al. 0.66–0.88 kg (1.5–1.9 lb)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][189][190]
Lepilemur ruficaudatus Red-tailed sportive lemur 1867, A. Grandidier 0.76–0.95 kg (1.7–2.1 lb)

Data Deficient

 [3][163][191][192]
Lepilemur sahamalazensis Sahamalaza sportive lemur 2006, Andriaholinirina et al. 0.687–0.892 kg (1.51–1.97 lb)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][193][194]
Lepilemur scottorum Scott's sportive lemur 2008, Lei et al. unknown

Data Deficient

 [3]
Lepilemur seali Seal's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. 0.95 kg (2.1 lb)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][195][196]
Lepilemur septentrionalis Northern sportive lemur 1975, Rumpler & Albignac 0.75 kg (1.7 lb)

Critically Endangered

 [3][197][198][199]
Lepilemur tymerlachsonorum Hawks' sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. 0.88 kg (1.9 lb)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][200][201]
Lepilemur wrightae Wright's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. 0.95 kg (2.1 lb)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][202][203]
Lepilemur hollandorum Holland's sportive lemur 2009, Ramaromilanto et al. 0.99 kg (2.2 lb)[d] Not Evaluated [204]


Family: Indriidae

Family Indriidae consists of the indri (the largest extant lemur), the woolly lemurs and the sifakas. There are 19 extant species.

Scientific name Common name Classified Average size Conservation status References
Avahi betsileo Betsileo woolly lemur 2007, Andriantompohavana et al. unknown

Data Deficient

 [3][205]
Avahi cleesei Cleese's woolly lemur 2005, Thalmann and Geissmann 0.83 kg (1.8 lb)[d]

Endangered

 [3][206][207]
Avahi laniger Eastern woolly lemur 1788, Gmelin 0.9–1.3 kg (2.0–2.9 lb)

Least Concern

 [3][208][209][210]
Avahi meridionalis Southern woolly lemur 2006, Zaramody et al. unknown

Data Deficient

 [3][211]
Avahi mooreorum Moore's woolly lemur 2008, Lei et al. unknown Not Evaluated [3]
Avahi occidentalis Western woolly lemur 1898, von Lorenz-Liburnau 0.7–0.9 kg (1.5–2.0 lb)

Endangered

 [3][212][213][214]
Avahi peyrierasi Peyrieras' woolly lemur 2006, Zaramody et al. unknown

Data Deficient

 [3][215]
Avahi ramanantsoavani Ramanantsoavana's woolly lemur 2006, Zaramody et al. unknown

Data Deficient

 [3][216]
Avahi unicolor Sambirano woolly lemur 2000, Thalmann and Geissmann 0.7–1 kg (1.5–2.2 lb)[d]

Data Deficient

 [3][217][218][219][220]
Indri indri Indri 1788, Gmelin 6–9.5 kg (13–21 lb)

Endangered

 [3][221][222][223]
Propithecus candidus Silky sifaka 1871, A. Grandidier 5–6 kg (11–13 lb)

Critically Endangered

 [3][224][225][226]
Propithecus coquereli Coquerel's sifaka 1867, A. Grandidier 3.7–4.3 kg (8.2–9.5 lb)

Endangered

 [3][227][228][229]
Propithecus coronatus Crowned sifaka 1871, Milne-Edwards 3.5–4.3 kg (7.7–9.5 lb)

Endangered

 [3][230][231][232]
Propithecus deckenii Von der Decken's sifaka 1870, A. Grandidier 3–4.5 kg (6.6–9.9 lb)

Vulnerable

 [3][233][234][235]
Propithecus diadema Diademed sifaka 1832, Bennett 6–8.5 kg (13–19 lb)

Endangered

 [3][236][237][238]
Propithecus edwardsi Milne-Edwards' sifaka 1871, A. Grandidier 5–6.5 kg (11–14 lb)

Endangered

 [3][239][240][241]
Propithecus perrieri Perrier's sifaka 1931, Lavauden 4.3–5 kg (9.5–11 lb)

Critically Endangered

 [3][242][243][244]
Propithecus tattersalli Golden-crowned sifaka 1988, Simons 3.4–3.6 kg (7.5–7.9 lb)

Endangered

 [3][229][245][246]
Propithecus verreauxi Verreaux's sifaka 1867, A. Grandidier 3–3.5 kg (6.6–7.7 lb)

Vulnerable

 [3][247][248][249]


Family: Daubentoniidae

Family Daubentoniidae contains only one surviving species, of the aye-aye. Wide ranging genetic studies have shown that it separated from the ancestral lemurs long before any other branch of the modern Lemuriformes.[3]

Scientific name Common name Classified Average size Conservation status References
Daubentonia madagascariensis Aye-aye 1788, Gmelin 2.5 kg (5.5 lb)

Near Threatened

 [3][250][251][252]


Extinct species

Main article: Subfossil lemur

All known extinct lemurs from Madagascar are known from recent, subfossil remains.[253] Conditions for fossilization were not ideal on the island, so little is known about ancestral lemur populations. All known extinct lemurs are thought to have died out after the arrival of humans.

Scientific name Common name Family Estimated size Extinction date References
Archaeoindris fontoynonti Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 160–200 kg (350–440 lb) 1600 CE [254][255][256]
Archaeolemur edwardsi Monkey lemurs (or baboon lemurs) Archaeolemuridae 15–25 kg (33–55 lb) 1047–1280 CE [257][258]
Archaeolemur majori Monkey lemurs (or baboon lemurs) Archaeolemuridae 15–25 kg (33–55 lb) 1047–1280 CE [257][258]
Babakotia radofilai Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 16–20 kg (35–44 lb) 3050 BCE[c] [254][255]
Daubentonia robusta Giant aye-aye Daubentoniidae 14 kg (31 lb) 891–1027 CE [259][260]
Hadropithecus stenognathus Monkey lemurs (or baboon lemurs) Archaeolemuridae 27–35 kg (60–77 lb) 444–772 CE [257][258]
Megaladapis edwardsi Koala lemurs Megaladapidae 40–80 kg (88–180 lb) 1280–1420 CE [261][262]
Megaladapis grandidieri Koala lemurs Megaladapidae 40–80 kg (88–180 lb) 1280–1420 CE [261][262]
Megaladapis madagascariensis Koala lemurs Megaladapidae 40–80 kg (88–180 lb) 1280–1420 CE [261][262]
Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 10–14 kg (22–31 lb) 245–429 CE [254][255]
Mesopropithecus globiceps Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 10–14 kg (22–31 lb) 245–429 CE [254][255]
Mesopropithecus pithecoides Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 10–14 kg (22–31 lb) 245–429 CE [254][255]
Pachylemur insignis Pachylemur Lemuridae 10–13 kg (22–29 lb) 1280–1420 CE [257][263]
Pachylemur jullyi Pachylemur Lemuridae 10–13 kg (22–29 lb) 1280–1420 CE [257][263]
Palaeopropithecus ingens Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 25–50 kg (55–110 lb) 1300–1620 CE [254][255]
Palaeopropithecus kelyus Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 35 kg (77 lb) unknown [7]
Palaeopropithecus maximus Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 25–50 kg (55–110 lb) 1300–1620 CE [254][255]


Footnotes

Notes

  1. ^ Mittermeier et al. 2010, pp. 101–103
  2. ^ Mittermeier et al. 2010, pp. 86–87
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx Mittermeier, R. A.; Ganzhorn, J. U.; Konstant, W. R.; Glander, K.; Tattersall, I.; Groves, C. P.; Rylands, A. B.; Hapke, A. et al. (2008). "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar" (PDF). International Journal of Primatology 29 (6): 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y. http://www.aeecl.org/documents/28.pdf.  edit
  4. ^ Yoder, A.D. (2007). "Lemurs: a quick guide". Current Biology 17 (20): 866–868. http://www.biology.duke.edu/yoderlab/reprints/2007YoderCB.pdf. 
  5. ^ Tattersall, I. (2007). "Madagascar's Lemurs: Cryptic diversity or taxonomic inflation?". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 16: 12–23. doi:10.1002/evan.20126.  edit
  6. ^ a b c d e Mittermeier, pp. 50–51
  7. ^ a b Gommery, D.; Ramanivosoa, B.; Tombomiadana-Raveloson, S.; Randrianantenaina, H.; Kerloc’h, P. (2009). "A new species of giant subfossil lemur from the North-West of Madagascar (Palaeopropithecus kelyus, Primates)". Comptes Rendus Palevol 8 (5): 471–480. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2009.02.001. Lay summary (27 May 2009).  edit
  8. ^ Groves, C. (2005). "Strepsirrhini". In Wilson, D. E., & Reeder, D. M, eds. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=12100002. 
  9. ^ Godinot, M. (2006). "Lemuriform origins as viewed from the fossil record". Folia Primatologica 77 (6): 446–464. doi:10.1159/000095391. PMID 17053330.  edit
  10. ^ Cartmill 2010, pp. 10–30
  11. ^ Mittermeier, pp. 130–135
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References

  • Garbutt, N. (2007). Mammals of Madagascar, A Complete Guide. A&C Black Publishers. ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4. 
  • Mittermeier, R.A.; Louis, E.E.; Richardson, M.; Schwitzer, C.; Langrand, O.; Rylands, A.B.; Hawkins, F.; Rajaobelina, S. et al. (2010). Lemurs of Madagascar. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (3rd ed.). Conservation International. ISBN 978-1-934151-23-5. 
  • Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Primates of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6251-5. 
  • Platt, M.; Ghazanfar, A., eds (2010). Primate Neuroethology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195-32659-8. 

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